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In the aftermath of the German and Soviet invasion of Poland, which took place in September 1939, the territory of Poland was divided between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. Both powers were hostile to Poland's sovereignty, the Polish culture and the Polish people, aiming at their destruction.〔"The prisons, ghettos, internment, transit, labor and extermination camps, roundups, mass deportations, public executions, mobile killing units, death marches, deprivation, hunger, disease, and exposure all testify to the 'inhuman policies of both Hitler and Stalin' and 'were clearly aimed at the total extermination of Polish citizens, both Jews and Christians. Both regimes endorsed a systematic program of genocide.'" Judith Olsak-Glass, (Review of Piotrowski's ''Poland's Holocaust'' ) in ''Sarmatian Review,'' January 1999.〕 Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union coordinated their Poland-related policies until Germany's Operation Barbarossa in 1941 against the Soviet Union. During the four Gestapo-NKVD Conferences, the occupiers discussed plans for dealing with the Polish resistance movement, and future destruction of Poland.〔"Terminal horror suffered by so many millions of innocent Jewish, Slavic, and other European peoples as a result of this meeting of evil minds is an indelible stain on the history and integrity of Western civilization, with all of its humanitarian pretensions" (Note: "this meeting" refers to the most famous third (Zakopane) conference). Conquest, Robert (1991). ''Stalin: Breaker of Nations,'' New York, N.Y.: Viking. ISBN 0-670-84089-0〕 There is some controversy as to whether the Soviet Union's policies were harsher than those of Nazi Germany.〔"In the 1939-1941 period alone, Soviet-inflicted suffering on all citizens in Poland exceeded that of Nazi-inflicted suffering on all citizens. (...) The Soviet-imposed myth about "communist heroes of resistance" enabled them for decades to avoid the painful questions faced long ago by other Western countries." Johanna Granville, (H-Net Review ) of Jan T. Gross. Revolution from Abroad.〕〔Citing Norman Davies' passage from God's Playground, Piotrowski writes: "In many ways, the work of Soviet NKVD in Eastern Poland proved far more destructive than that of Gestapo." 〕 The Soviet Union had ceased to recognise the Polish state at the start of the invasion.〔Telegrams sent by Schulenburg, German ambassador to the Soviet Union, from Moscow to the German Foreign Office: (No. 317 ) of 10 September 1939, (No. 371 ) of 16 September 1939, (No. 372 ) of 17 September 1939. The Avalon Project, Yale Law School. Retrieved 14 November 2006.〕〔 (1939 wrzesień 17, Moskwa Nota rządu sowieckiego nie przyjęta przez ambasadora Wacława Grzybowskiego ) (Note of the Soviet government to the Polish government on 17 September 1939, refused by Polish ambassador Wacław Grzybowski). Retrieved 15 November 2006.〕 They arrested and imprisoned about 500,000 Poles before June 1941 (when Hitler's Germany invaded the Soviet Union), including civic officials, military personnel and other "enemies of the people" such as clergy and the Polish educators: about one in ten of all adult males. Large groups of pre-war Polish citizens, notably Jews and, to a lesser extent, the Ukrainian peasants, thought the Soviet invasion was an opportunity to take part in communist political and social activity outside of their traditional ethnic or cultural environment. Their enthusiasm faded with time, as it became clear that the Soviet repressions were aimed at all groups equally, regardless of their ideological stance. It is estimated that some 150,000 Polish citizens died during the Soviet occupation.〔AFP/Expatica, ''(Polish experts lower nation's WWII death toll )'', expatica.com, 30 August 2009〕〔Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami, ed. Tomasz Szarota and Wojciech Materski, Warszawa, IPN 2009, ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6 ((Introduction reproduced here ))〕 ==Aftermath of the Soviet invasion of Poland== By the end of the Polish Defensive War, the Soviet Union took over 52.1% of the territory of Poland (circa 200,000 km²) with over 13,700,000 citizens. Regarding the ethnic composition of these areas: ca. 5.1 million or 38% of the population were Polish by ethnicity (wrote Elżbieta Trela-Mazur), with 37% Ukrainians, 14.5% Belarusians, 8.4% Jews, 0.9% Russians and 0.6% Germans. There were also 336,000 refugees from areas occupied by Germany, most of them Jews (198,000).〔, also in ''Wrocławskie Studia Wschodnie'', Wrocław, 1997〕 All Polish territories occupied by USSR were annexed to the Soviet Union with the exception of the area of Wilno, which was transferred to Lithuania. On 28 September 1939, the Soviet Union and Germany had changed the secret terms of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. The formerly sovereign Lithuania was moved into the Soviet sphere of influence and attached to USSR as the brand new Lithuanian SSR among the Soviet republics. The demarcation line across the centre of Poland was shifted to the east, giving Germany more Polish territory.〔 (September Campaign 1939) from PWN Encyklopedia. Internet Archive, mid-2006. Retrieved 16 July 2007.〕 By this new and final arrangement – often described as a fourth partition of Poland,〔 the Soviet Union secured the lands east of the rivers Pisa, Narew, Bug and San. The area amounted to about 200,000 square kilometres, which was inhabited by 13.5 million formerly Polish citizens.〔Gross, p. 17.〕 Initially, the Soviet occupation gained support among some citizens of the Second Polish Republic who were not ethnically Polish. Some members of the Ukrainian population welcomed the unification with the Soviet Ukraine. The Ukrainians had failed to achieve independence in 1919 when their attempt at self-determination was crushed during the Polish-Soviet and Polish-Ukrainian Wars. Also, there were large groups of pre-war Polish citizens, notably Jewish and, to a lesser extent, the Ukrainian and Belarusian nationalists, who saw the Soviet NKVD presence as an opportunity to start political and social agitation. Many of them committed treason against the Polish state by assisting in round ups and executions of Polish officials.〔 Their enthusiasm however faded with time as it became clear that the Soviet repressions were aimed at all peoples equally.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–46)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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